ENDNOTES:

[1] Harold Wilberforce Bell, a man with 35 years of diplomatic service in India from 1918 to 1939, claimed that upwards of 200, 000 people were massacred. West Hull Man's Fellowship address in London on February  17,1950, Daily Mail, February 18 1950, “200,000 Died in Punjab alone when we left India”.

[2] .Ram Narayan Kumar, Georg Sieberer, The Sikh Struggle: Origin, Evolution and Present Phase, Chanakya Publications, Delhi, 91, p. 249.

[3] Hindustan Times (hereafter HT), April 14, 1978. 17 Killed in Amritsar Sikh Clash; HT, 30 September 1978. Nirankari Bhavans Sealed; HT Oct 8, 1978. Ban on Weekly in Punjab Unstatutory, says Editor; HT May 14, 1980. Strong Security Steps at Bhindranwale Camp; HT. June 11, 1978. Chief Priest Proclaims Boycott of Nirankaris; HT. June 19, 1978. Govt Help to Implement Hukumnama Alleged.

[4] HT, February 12, 1978. Sheikh wants debate on statute change; HT. Feb 16, 1978. Abdullah wants a second look at the Constitution; HT, Feb 23, 1978. Basu's memo suggests abolition of IAS, IPS; HT, Feb 24, 1978. More financial powers for States demanded; HT, March 16, 1978. Mizoram elections next month: Laldenga seeks solution within Constitution; HT, March 20, 1978. CMs force further plan consultations: NDC approves only broad objectives; HT, March 20, 1978. Abdullah for change in fund devolution.

[5] HT, January 30, 1978, Chand Ram opposed to more State autonomy; HT, January 30, 1978. Devi Lal not party to the autonomy move; HT, February 13, 1978. Not at the cost of unity, says Shekhar; HT, February 14, 1978, Politics in autonomy move: Advani; HT, March 6, 1978. R.S.S for caution on Center?State issue; HT, March 28, 1978. Center State ties issue in Rajasthan Assembly; HT, April 2, 1978. Center State debate not now; HT, January 30, 1978. Abdullah also for more powers to States; HT, February 23, 1978. Center against modification of ties with the States; HT, Feb 28, 1978. Desai rules out meet on Center?State ties; HT, April 29, 1978. Center?State ties can't be altered: PM.

[6] HT, February 3, 1978. Janata Akali rift over autonomy; HT, February 14, 1978. Autonomy issue bares Punjab coalition rift; HT, April 1, 1978. Charges, counter charges in Punjab Assembly; HT, February 10, 1978. Move for CM's meeting on Center?State ties; Rasheed-ud-din Khan, The Regional Dimension, Seminar No. 164, April 1973, p. 36; Harish K. Puri, “The Akali Dal and State Autonomy: Some Observations”, Punjab History Conference (hereafter PHC), Fourteenth Session, 28-30 March 1980.

[7] HT, 28 April 1983. Sant trying to protect killers: Baldev Prakash; The Tribune, 23 March 1983. Spurt in killings shadows talks; HT, 23 August 1983. Longowal questions meet call; HT, 24 August 1983. Sant, Bhindranwale row out in the open; HT, 4 September 1983. Bhindranwale meet is successful; HT, 7 September 1983. Longowal-Bhindranwale differences resolved; HT, 30 September 1983, Akali meet by October 5; HT, 4 October 1983, Editor, 2 Akali leaders held under NSA.

[8] HT, 16 November 1982. Akalis likely to accept new package deal; HT, 25 October 1982. Saran meets Akali leaders; HT, 13 November 1982. Bhindranwale, not for Khalistan; HT, 5 September 1983. Bhindranwale firm on Anandpur move; The Tribune. 28 February 1984. Sikhs not for secession: Bhindranwale.

[9] Ram Narayan Kumar, The Sikh Unrest and the Indian State: Politics, Personalities and Historical Retrospective, Ajanta Publications, Delhi, 1997, p. 196.

[10] The Tribune, 23 May 1984. Poll outcome a jolt for Congress; The Tribune, 18 May 1984, Akali Dal, Center in dilemma; The Tribune, 17 February 1984, Rajiv's Statement condemned; The Tribune, 30 April 1984, Punjab Situation Better: Rajiv; The Tribune, 24 April 1984, Let army control Punjab: Advani; The Tribune. 4 May 1984, Get tough with terrorists; The Tribune, May 28, 1984. Madhook for army rule in Punjab; The Tribune, 4 May 8194. Get tough with terrorists; Tribune. May 6, 1984. Eight organizations of Hindus merge.

[11]   Ram Narayan Kumar, The Sikh Unrest, op. ct, pp. 182-3.

[12] P. S. Arshi, Sikh Architecture in the Punjab, Intellectual Publishing House, N Delhi, 1986.

[13] On 9 July 97, the Tribune carried a lengthy report with the caption, “Frustrated father ends life”. The story referred to his five and a half years of battle for justice and his disappointment with the entire system, which compelled him to take his own life. Ajaib Singh had met almost all the Chief Ministers and police Chiefs of Punjab. But no one was able to even tell him what happened to his son lifted by SHO Ajaib Singh from a barrier outside Amritsar railway station on 20 December 91.

[14] Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab (hereafter CCDP), 742 Sector 8-B, Chandigarh 160018. India,  Incident-Report Proforma No. 00100. Ajaib Singh’s second son Jagbir Singh lives at House No. 24, Sahabjada Jujhar Singh Nagar, Post Office Gumtala, Ajnala road, Amritsar. I interviewed the family members of Ajaib Singh for the first time in the third week of September 1997 during a field visit to Amritsar along with Amrik Singh, Secretary Documentation of the Committee.

[15] Who are Guilty? A joint report by the People’s Union for Democratic Rights and People’s Union for Civil Liberties, New Delhi, 1984; 31 October to 4 November 1984, Citizens’ Commission, Delhi, 1985; Truth about Delhi Violence: A report from the Citizens for Democracy, New Delhi; Christopher Shackle, The Sikhs: The Minority Rights Group Report, No. 65, London, 1986; Khushwant Singh, My Bleeding Punjab, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Ltd., Delhi 1992, pp. 88-96; J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, Revised edition, Cambridge, 1998, p. 229; M. J. Akbar, India: The Siege Within, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1985, p. 109.

[16] The Times of India, 11 April 1988, “Is the Tiwana Report only for the record?”; The Indian Express, 9 April 1988, “59th Amendment condemned”; Onlooker, October 16-31, 1988, “Extra-judicial executions in Punjab”; Sunday Mail, April 17-23, 1988, “Tiwana Report blames police”, & May 29 - June 4, 1988, “Tortured but not subdued”; the Indian Express, 10 April 1989, “Government not to allow Sarbat Khalsa: Gill”; The Times of India, 8 April 1989, “Report on State Terrorism in Punjab released”; The Tribune, 8 April 1989, “Report on State terrorism”; The Hindustan Times, 20 February 1989, “Police atrocities in Punjab alleged”; The Times of India, 20 Feb., 1989, “State terrorism in Punjab alleged”; The Hindustan Times, 8 April 1988, “Punjab police charged with atrocities”; The Indian Express, 19 June 1988, “Sidhu in illegal police custody”; The Times of India, 8 May 1990, “Report indicts India on Punjab”; The India Express, 26 May 1990, “Need for true federalism stressed”; The Indian Express, October 31, 1990, “Punjab Studies Circle floated”; The Statesman, 6 November 1990, “Documenting the history of the Khalistan campaign”; The Statesman, 2 February 1990, “Rally by human rights activists”; The Pioneer, 8 April 1992, “No one is spared & An outrage in Punjab”; Mainstream, 25 April 1992, “Rule of Law in Punjab”.

[17] Ram Narayan Kumar, The Sikh Unrest and the Indian State: Politics, Personalities and Historical retrospective, Ajanta Books, New Delhi 1997.

[18]   The Indian Express, 24 March 1988, Article by V. M. Tarkunde; 23 March 1988, Article by F. S. Nariman; 4 April 1988, Article by Ram Jethmalani.

[19] Kartar Singh Vs. The State of Punjab, (1994 2 JT SC 423: 1 Apex Decisions SC [Criminal] 413: 1994 Cri LJ 3139) was pronounced on 11 March 1994. According to the National Human Rights Commission, the police registered 17, 529 cases under TADA in Punjab between 1985 and 1994. The Commission mentioned the total number of prisoners under TADA in three states of Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir and Gujrat as 47,000. (The Time of India, 8 August 94).

[20] Enforced Disappearances, Arbitrary Executions and Secret Cremations: Victims’ Testimonies and India’s Human Rights Obligations --  An Interim Report, The Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab, 742, Sector 8B, Chandigarh – 160018, July 1999, p. 72.

[21]   Mainstream, 25 April 1992, Rule of Law in Punjab.

[22] Criminal Writ Petition No. 990 of 1995.

[23] Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 447/95.

[24] The Indian Express, 25 May 1997, “Is namard desh mein paida mujhe kyon kar diya.” (Why have I been condemned to be born in this emasculated country?).

[25] The Indian Express, 2 June 1997.

[26] The Tribune, 1 June 1997, Text of KPS Gill’s letter to PM; TheTimes of  India, 3 September 1997, Punjab government told to get Centre’s nod before prosecution of police officers.

[27] Amnesty International – Report, India: A Vital Opportunity to End Impunity in Punjab, page 5, ASA 20/24/99, August 1999.

[28] Enforced Disappearances, Arbitrary Executions and Secret Cremations: Victim Testimony and India’s Human Rights Obligations – Interim Report, Op. Ct, pp. 96-102.

[29] A. K. Gopalan vs. State of Madras, 37 1950 Supreme Court 27; Kharak Singh vs. State of UP, AIR 1963 Supreme Court 1295, para 15; Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597, paras 54-56, 63.

[30] Enforced Disappearances, Arbitrary Executions and Secret Cremations: Op. Ct, pp. 102-103; Amnesty International – Report – ASA 20/24/99, August 1999, India: A Vital Opportunity to End Impunity in Punjab, p. 5.

[31] Enforced Disappearances, Arbitrary Executions and Secret Cremations, Op. Ct, pp. 37-43.

[32] Philip Allot, Eunomia: New Order for a New World, NY, Oxford University Press, 1990, p. xvii.

[33] Sanford Levinson and J. M. Balkin, Law, Music, and Other Performing Arts, 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1597 (1991).

[34] Walter M. Merrill, Against Wind and Tide: A Biography of Wm. Lloyd Garrison  (1963), p. 205. The phrase comes from the statement of William Lloyd Garrison, a leading white abolitionist of slavery in America, which he made before the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in 1843.

[35] W. L. Webb & Rose Bell, Eds., An Embarrassment of Tyrannies: 25 years of Index on Censorship, George Braziller Publisher, New York, 1998, p. 31.